Umberto Eco wrote an essay which was first published in NYRB in 1995, called “Ur-Fascism” or “Eternal Fascism: Fourteen Ways of Looking at a Blackshirt”. It outlined some elements that form recognizable patterns in fascist movements across time. Here are the fourteen characteristics of fascism. Which do you recognize in your country? 1. The first feature of Ur-Fascism is the ‘cult of tradition’ 2. The rejection of modernism 3. The cult of action for action’s sake - acting without reflecting & di