Jun 9, 2021 · Confounding variable: A variable that is not included in an experiment, yet affects the relationship between the two variables in an experiment. This type of variable can …

May 29, 2020 · In a cause-and-effect study, a confounding variable is an unmeasured variable that influences both the supposed cause and effect.

In causal inference, a confounder[a] is a variable that affects both the dependent variable and the independent variable, creating a spurious relationship. [1][2][3]

Jul 31, 2023 · When an extraneous variable has not been properly controlled and interferes with the dependent variable (i.e., results), it is called a confounding variable.

Sep 15, 2020 · A confounding variable is a variable that influences both the independent variable and dependent variable and leads to a false correlation between them. A confounding variable …

Mar 21, 2025 · TL;DR: A confounding variable is an outside factor that influences both the predictor (independent) and outcome (dependent) in a study, potentially distorting the …

Sep 24, 2018 · In studies examining possible causal links, a confounding variable is an unaccounted factor that impacts both the potential cause and effect and can distort the results. …

Confounding variables are any other variable that also has an effect on your dependent variable. They are like extra independent variables that are having a hidden effect on your dependent …

Dec 11, 2025 · Confounding variables are external factors (typically a third variable) in research that can interfere with the relationship between dependent and independent variables. Typical …

Dec 9, 2025 · A confounding variable, also known as a confounder, is a type of extraneous variable that influences both the independent variable and the dependent variable within a …