In ideal randomised experiments, association is causation: association measures can be interpreted as effect measures because randomisation ensures that the exposed and the unexposed are exchangeable.

Background Mortality rates across the UK stopped improving in the early 2010s, largely attributable to UK Government’s ‘austerity’ policies. Such policies are thought to disproportionately affect ...

Background Globally, some of the highest rates of obesity and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are found in Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Relatedly, there has been a decrease in consumption ...

Background A broad literature base provides evidence of association between air pollution and paediatric asthma. Socioeconomic status (SES) may modify these associations; however, previous studies ...

Background Immune-mediated processes leading to childhood type 1 diabetes may begin in fetal life. We hypothesised that a maternal inflammatory diet during pregnancy increases offspring risk of type 1 ...

Background Few studies have examined the impact of weight change in different periods of lifetime on type 2 diabetes risk, and the association of weight loss with type 2 diabetes is unclear. We ...

Place of death (home, hospital, nursing home, etc) is an end-of-life care indicator, important for guiding health policy and ...

Objective To compare the effects on mental and physical wellbeing, health related quality of life and long term adherence to physical activity, of participation in physical activity in natural ...

Background We compared short- and long-term management and outcomes between Bedouin Arabs and Jewish patients in the Negev region (Israel) to assess disparities in myocardial infarction care and ...

Background The dietary choices we make affect our personal health and have consequences for the environment, both of which have serious implications for the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. There ...

Objectives This paper aims to examine ethnic differences in financial barriers to access to prescription medication in New Zealand. Methods Data from SoFIE-Health (wave 3), which is an add-on to the ...